Composing the Research Paper
 

    The first step in writing a research paper is to select a topic.  Some professors have a list of topics from which to choose.  Others let you choose your own.  In either case, you should understand clearly the professor's requirements for the paper. How long should the paper be?  How many bibliographic sources should it have?  Is it a report, an exegetical paper or persuasion paper? 

Once you are confident of your topic and requirements, the next step is the actual research. Set aside a good amount of time in the library to do nothing but find resources: encyclopedia articles, book chapters, journal articles, audio and video tape, lecture notes, and Web sites.  A tutor or a reference librarian will save you a lot of time in this step.

The third step is taking these resources home, or better yet, making copies of them and working your way through them taking careful notes as you go. Be certain to begin your research with a clear thesis statement in mind. You should strive to read 30-50 pages for every page you plan to write. If you short-change this step it will be all too obvious in your final product.

              The fourth step is to make an outline of your paper based on the notes you collected in your research.  Outlines for research papers are generally content outlines, which means a complete sentence is used for each point and sub-point.  Before you begin the actual composition of the paper, you should try to complete your outline with as much detail as possible.  Also be certain you have a logical order. 

Write your paper. The hardest part of writing a paper is getting started. So, with the help of a word processor, begin with the point that most interests you, not necessarily point one. Start with your strength and work out.

One of the most important parts of your paper will be your introduction.  It should do three things. First, it should grab the attention of your reader by demonstrating the importance of the subject or by "hooking" the reader in some way. Second, it should outline the basic content of the paper. In other words, lay a brief road map of where you will take the reader. Third, your introduction should include a thesis statement that summarizes what you intend to prove or demonstrate. This thesis statement is basically your whole paper distilled into one sentence. (If you can not summarize your paper in one sentence, focus and purpose may be a problem.)

Keep your introduction to two or three crisp paragraphs that fit easily on the first page. First impressions are important.  So try to make a good one with your introduction.  “Last impressions” are important, too, so consider your conclusion.  There should be sense of finality.  No new points should made.  This would be the place to restate the thesis, being conscious of where you began. You may also want to draw up some implications for action.  In other words, what should one do, feel, or think as a result of your research?

 Form

 Margins. All margins are to be one inch from the edge of the page. The only exception is at the bottom of the page where you may need to move a line or two to the next page to protect against widows or orphans -- single lines of a paragraph stranded at the top or bottom of a page. Most word processors have a "widow/orphan protect" option. Simply turn it on and the computer should take care of that spacing for you. Do not right justify; this often leaves awkward gaps in the middle of the page. If you choose to hyphenate, a syllable of just one or two letters should not be separated from the main portion of the word. Again, most word processors can do an adequate job of adding  hyphens automatically. However, it is not required and it sometimes causes problems for which the student (not his/her computer) is held responsible.

Font Size. Use Times New Roman 12 unless your professors allow other options. 

            Major headings. The title of your paper and each major section (Outline, Notes, Works Cited) are to be centered one inch from the top of the page, then double-spaced to the text.

Spacing. Indent the first line of each paragraph 1/2". All text should be double- spaced. That means everything, including block quotations (see below), title page, Outline, Table of Contents, and Works Cited. Nothing is single-spaced or triple-spaced.

Title Page. An MLA alternative to a title page is to put a heading on page one.  The heading is 1” from the top in the left-hand corner. Single space the following: Name, professor, class, and date. Then double-space and center a title.

Page numbers.  Your last name and the page number should be at the top right of every page, although it is acceptable to not print the number of page one.

Outline or Table of Contents. A formal outline is often required, while some professors may want a table of contents instead. If you use an outline, a full-sentence outline is appropriate for a research paper. Generally your outline should have 3-5 major points, with well-developed sub-points. The table of contents or outline is numbered with a lower-case Roman numeral. (The title page is not numbered.) Keep the capitalization of your table of contents consistent. (See the examples of a short outline on page 7 and table of contents on page 20.)

Quotes and Notes

         When you use material from a researched source, you must give the author credit with a source citation. This should be either a parenthetical note or else possibly a footnote if your professor prefers or allows that method (see pages 21 and 22 for models). To fail to give the source credit is plagiarism, and it is a fairly certain way to fail. Some students are confused in thinking that only a word-for-word quote needs to be given credit. The fact is that any material--quote, paraphrase, or summary--from another source must be cited. Unless the material is common knowledge or historical fact, the source requires documentation. “Common Knowledge” means that the material is generally known—technically, it is information that could be found in three separate sources. Four or more words in a row from your source require quotation marks as well as a citation. Quotation marks are also used for an author’s unique term or phrase. Direct quotations that are fewer than four typewritten lines in length are put in quotation marks and incorporated into the regular text. Put the source in parentheses at the end of the sentence or a major break within the sentence to create a parenthetical note.

Parenthetical Notes. Use only the author’s last name, a space, and the page number (Scott 15). Notice you delay the period to include the parenthetical note within the sentence.

A quote within a quote. If a book quotes another author, and you cannot find the original source, then document the quotation as (Jennifer J. Simms qtd. in Gaines 86). If the author has more than one work in the bibliography, use a key word from the title as well. If you are using footnote citations, place a raised number after the borrowed material (see the footnote model in the “Optional Models” section at the end).

             A quotation of four lines or more is double-spaced, with the left margin

indented ten spaces, probably the same distance as the tab key. If the first line of

 a quotation is the first line of a paragraph, then indent that line an additional 10 

 spaces. 

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

             The omission of a complete paragraph (or more) in a quotation would be indicated

 by a single line of spaced periods as shown above. A long quotation such as this

 has no quotation marks and the notation or footnote number immediately follows

 the end punctuation. (Drowsen 20-21)                                                               

 (Note how the period ends the quotation before the parentheses in a block quote.)

Quotations like the one above are called block quotations. They should be reserved for material that is crucial to the point being discussed. Don’t overuse block quotations.

Quotes are included in order to support your words and ideas; remember, it is your essay and the quotes, paraphrases, and summaries are selected and arranged to validate your interpretation of the research.

Chapter and verse references from the Bible should be put into parentheses in the text, whether you are using parenthetical notes or footnotes. For example, "Jesus wept" (John 11:35). If you are using parenthetical notes, put the book, chapter and verse in the parentheses as above. Following the first biblical quotation, state: Biblical quotations in this paper are from the New International Version unless otherwise noted. This is a standard way of identifying which version you are using, and it should follow the first quotation of a Scripture passage in your paper. If you are using only that version, “unless otherwise noted” is not necessary. When you do use another version, your parenthetical note will look like this: (John 4:1-2, KJV.)  If you are using footnotes, the “Biblical quotations” explanation goes in a footnote. Standard abbreviations for books of the Bible are acceptable in parentheses and footnotes. See the list at the end. In an exegetical paper it is not necessary to reproduce the entire text on which you are commenting. Holy Bible,” books of the Bible, and sacred works appear without underlining or quotation marks.

Punctuation and Common Errors

         Ellipses. An ellipsis is three periods with a space between each period. Ellipses mean that some of the material in the original source has been omitted in the direct quotation. "In the middle of a sentence it looks like . . . this. When the last words of the sentence are being omitted, it incorporates the period and looks like this. . . ." The first dot is the period ending the sentence and is not part of the ellipses. An ellipsis should not be used to begin a quote.

Brackets. Brackets are used in direct quotations to show the insertion of any word or words that are not in the original but were added by the writer. Two occasions may call for the use of brackets. First, if there is any kind of typographical, grammatical, or factual error in the original source, it should be quoted exactly as it is, with the insertion of the word “sic” in brackets immediately after the error. "This indicates that the original source, not the writer, is to receive the blaim [sic] for the error." If the writer has a special reason for wanting to italicize (or underline) a part of a quotation that is not italicized in the original, s/he must indicate that the italics were not in the original by inserting a phrase within brackets or in a footnote. "Using brackets is preferred because it eliminates unnecessary footnotes [italics not in the original]."

Common errors can be avoided:

·        Periods and commas should always be placed inside quotation marks.  

·        A dash essentially means "that is," and it requires two hyphens to make one dash (--). 

·        Avoid using the first and second person ("I" and "you"), with the possible exception of the introduction and conclusion.

·        Avoid using contractions and colloquial or inflammatory language (e.g. "this author is an idiot").

·        Foreign language words are to be printed in italics.

·        Endnotes and bibliography entries always end with a period.

·        Bibles and raw data (e.g. Webster's Dictionary and Strong's Concordance) normally do not appear in the bibliography.

·        Slick plastic covers annoy most teachers.

 Bibliography

 A bibliography is a list of sources. Some professors will prefer only a list of sources cited in the paper (Sources Cited). Another type includes sources cited and sources consulted relevant to the topic (Sources Consulted). Sources are listed alphabetically by the last name of the author. If no author is given, list the source by the title or by the institution at which it was published. If part of the publication information is missing (i.e. place of publication, publisher, or publication date), document it with the following abbreviations: N.p.: N.p., n.d. These abbreviations represent No place: No page, no date. (If all three are missing, however, do not use this reference). An example                                                                                                                            would look like the following if the source lacked a publisher: Boston: N.p., 1966.

The sample bibliographic entries for biblical research at the end of this guide illustrate most widely-used formats. For further help with specific peculiarities see a current MLA stylebook at the reference desk in the library. If in doubt as to the requirements for a specific class, consult the instructor; his/her preferences are final for that specific class.

    Revision

Finally, proof-read your paper:

·        Use a spell-checker.

·        Complete the paper three days ahead of time. Your eyes will catch errors the day after you type it that they cannot see when it is hot off the press.

·        Have a friend read over your paper and tell you what seems unclear.

·        Read the paper aloud. After each sentence ask these two questions: Could I say it more clearly? Could I say it with fewer words?

Term Paper Guide (Title is centered about 1/3 of the way down the page)

Your Name

Course Name and Number

Professor’s Name (spelled correctly)

Date

 Outline

Thesis: Zwingli’s view of baptism provided the foundation for our current

understanding of its significance.

Introduction

I.  Historical perspective

            A.     Scriptural Foundation

            B.     Testimony of Church Fathers

        II.  Zwingli’s View of Baptism

             C.     Zwingli’s Emerging Definition of Baptism

             D.     Zwingli and the Baptismal Texts

        III.   Ecclesiastical Ramifications of Zwigli’s Theological Innovation

         E.      A Shift from Sacrament to Cognition

         F.      A Shift from Community to Individualism

               G.     A Shift from Covenant to Fatalism

       Conclusion

Works Cited

This works cited lists a summary of the most frequently used sources in the complete “Bibliographic Entries” that follows. It may contain all the bibliographic material you will need.

Anderson, Bernhard W. Note to Genesis 30:32-36. The New Oxford Annotated

Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books. New York: Oxford UP,

1991.

 Bauer, Walter, William F. Arndt, and F. Wilbur Gingrich. A Greek-English Lexicon of

             The New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. Rev. F. Wilbur

             Gingrich and Frederich W. Danker. 2nd ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1979.

 Copeland, Mark A. "The Golden Rule." The “Executable Outlines" Series. 13 Aug. 1997

             <http://www.ccel.wheaton.edu/contrib/exec_outlines/mt/mt_19.htm>.

Cowan, Geoffrey. See No Evil: The Backstage Battle Over Sex. New York: Simon and

Schuster, 1980.

Dahlman, Simon J. "Bible Video Violence." Lookout 11 Oct. 1992: 14.

[Note: the year is not in parentheses because this is a magazine. Scholarly journals do place the parentheses around the date.]

France, R. The Gospel According to Matthew. Tyndale New Testament Commentaries. 1.

Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1985.

 Garrett, Leroy. "Live from Golgotha." Chapel sermon. Rec. 27 Apr. 1993. Audiocassette.

             Dallas Christian College Library, Dallas.

 [Library identification numbers on the cover or spine should be given at end if available.]

 Metzger, Bruce M. The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and

Restoration. New York: Oxford UP, 1968.

  ---.  A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament. 2nd ed. New York: UBS,

             1994.

 “Pistis." A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament. Logos Bible Software.

             CD-ROM. Ver. 2.Oa. Oak Harbor, WA: Logos, 1995.

 Shultze, Q.J. "On The Effects Of T.V. Violence." Christian Educators Journal Apr.

             (1987): 22-23.

 Young, Edward J. The Book of Isaiah. Vol.3. New International Commentary on the Old

             Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1972.

 Sample MLA Bibliographic Entries for Biblical Research

Prepared by Clay Ham, 1989, D.C.C.

Revised by Clay Ham and Cara Snyder, 1999  (Used with permission.)

         Based on the fifth edition of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, this supplement provides sample entries from frequently used biblical sources according to Chapter 4, "Documentation: Preparing the List of Works Cited." Numbers in parentheses refer to sections in the handbook. (Models have been added or modified by OCC staff.) 

 BOOKS (4.6)

   In citing a book, arrange the appropriate information in the following order: Author, title, editor, translator, edition, volume, series, place, publisher, date. Use the samples below to determine how much of this information is needed.

1.1.1  Bible

  The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha1/Deuterocanonical Books:

         New Revised Standard Version. New York: Oxford UP, 1991.

  The NIV Study Bible New International Version. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1985.

 [The Bible and other basic works, such as dictionaries, are usually not included in the bibliography.]

1.1.2  Note in a Bible

Provide the name of the person who wrote the note by using the list of contributors in the front matter.

   Anderson, Bernhard W. Note to Genesis 30:32-36. The New Oxford Annotated

Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books. New York: Oxford UP,

1991.

    Archer, Gleason L., Jr., and Ronald Youngblood. Introduction to Daniel. The NIV

Study Bible. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1985.

1.2  Book with One Author (4.6.1)

     Metzger, Bruce M. The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and

         Restoration. New York: Oxford UP, 1968.

1.3  Two Books by Same Author (4.6.3)

Replace the author's name with three hyphens and a period on all entries after the first. Repeat the name, however, if there is a second author in the entry.

      Metzger, Bruce M. The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and

         Restoration.  New York: Oxford UP, 1968.

       ---.  A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament. 2nd ed. New York: UBS,

         1994.

1.4  Two or Three Authors (4.6.4)

 Reverse only the first author's name.

    Metzger, Bruce M., and Isobel M. Metzger. New York: Oxford UP, 1962. The Oxford

         Concise Concordance to the Revised Standard Version of the Holy Bible. New

         York: Oxford UP, 1962.       

     Rev. in the entry below means "revised by," not "reverend."

     Bauer, Walter, William F. Arndt, and F. Wilbur Gingrich. A Greek-English Lexicon of the

         New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 2^nd ed. Rev. F. Wilbur  

Gingrich and Frederich W. Danker. 2nd ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1979.

1.6  Four or More Authors (and Editor as Author) (4.6.4,4.6.2)

  Include only the first author's name and add et al., which means "and others." Or you may list all the names, as in 1.4. The abbreviation ed.  may mean "editor," "edited by," or "edition," depending on the context. Eds. means "editors."

Aland, Barbara, et al., eds. The Greek New Testament.  4th rev. ed. New York: UBS,

     1994.

 1.7  Author plus Translator or Editor (4.6.13)

   Rienecker, Fritz. A Linguistic Key to the New Testament. Trans. Cleon L. Rogers, Jr.

             Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1980.

1.8  Article in a Book or Anthology (4.6.7)

 Include the editor of the book after the book title. (A separate editor or translator for the article would go after the article title.) Include pages of the article at the end.

France, R. T. "Exegesis in Practice: Two Examples." New Testament Interpretation:

Essays on Principles and Methods.  Ed. I. H. Marshall. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,

1977. 252-81.

1.9  Book in an Unnumbered Series (commentaries, etc.) (4.6.16)

 Underline or italicize the title of the volume but not the title of the series. The second example shows a volume number for the volume being used (not a volume in the series).

Bruce, F. F. 1 and 2 Corinthians. New Century Bible Commentary. Grand Rapids:

Eerdmans, 1971. 

[Note: Although this is a part of a series, there is no volume number.]

Young, Edward J. The Book of Isaiah. Vol. 3. New International Commentary on the Old

Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1972. 

1.11  Multi-volume Work--Individual Titles, Several Authors (4.6.15)

Turner, Nigel. Syntax. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1963. Vol. 3 of A Grammar of New

Testament Greek.

Winter, Bruce W., and Andrew D. Clarke, eds. The Book of Acts in Its Ancient Literary

Setting. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993, Vol. 1of The Book of Acts in Its First

Century Setting.

1.12  Work within a Book in a Numbered or an Unnumbered Series

               (especially the Expositor's Bible Commentary)

Include the volume number as shown for numbered series.

Numbered

Carson, D. A. "Matthew." Matthew-Mark-Luke. Vol. 8. Expositor's Bible Commentary.

Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1981.

Hendriksen, William. Exposition of the Gospel According to John. 2 vols. Grand Rapids:

            Baker, 1954. New Testament Commentary.

[If you cite only one volume of a set, then include the volume number in the bibliography, as in the Carson example above. The parenthetical note includes only the page number(s).  If you cite two or more volumes in the set, the bibliography will include the total number of volumes in that set, as in the Hendriksen example. The parenthetical note then includes both the volume number and the page number(s). The parenthetical citation would appear this way: (Hendriksen 2: 18-22).]

 Unnumbered

Barclay, William, trans. The Gospel of Mark. Rev. ed. The Daily Study Bible Series.

Philadelphia: Westminster, 1975.

1.13  Article or Work within a Multi-volume Collection

Basil. The Treatise De Spiritu Sancto. Trans. Blomfield Jackson. Grand Rapids:

Eerdmans, 1955. Vol.8. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. 2nd Ser. 

Baumgartel, Friedrich. “kardia.” Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Ed.

Gerhard Kittel. Vol. 3. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965. 605-607.

Gilbrant, Thoralf, ed. The New Testament Study Bible: Hebrews—Jude. Vol. 9.

Springfield, MO: World Library Pr., 1986. 23.

Ignatius. To the Ephesians. Early Christian Fathers. Vol. 1. Ed. Cyril C. Richardson.

Philadelphia: Westminster, 1953. Library of Christian Classics. 87-93.

“lego.” The Complete Biblical Library: The New Testament Greek-English Dictionary.

Ed. Thoralf Gilbrandt. Vol. 14.  Springfield, MO: Complete Biblical Library, 1986.

39-49.

[Note: CBL has one Study Bible set and one dictionary set for both the Old and New Testament. If you cite only one, then include the volume number in the bibliography. The parenthetical note is only the page number(s). If you cite two or more volumes, then in the bibliography include the total number of volumes in that set. The parenthetical note then includes both the volume number and the page number(s).]

“petra.” Mundle, Wilhelm, and Colin Brown. The New International Dictionary of New

Testament Theology. Ed. Colin Brown. Vol. 3. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1978.

381-388.

1.14  Article in a Single-Volume Encyclopedia or Dictionary (4.6.8)

Signed Article

Snodgrass, Kline R. "Parable." Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels. Ed. Joel B. Green

and Scot McKnight. Downers Grove: IVP, 1992.

Unsigned Article

"Parable." NIV Compact Dictionary of the Bible. Ed. J. D. Douglas and Merrill C.

Tenney. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1989.

 1.15  Article in a Multi-volume Encyclopedia or Dictionary (4.6.7, 4.6.15)

Bietenhard, Hans. “aggellon.” The New International Dictionary of New Testament

Theology.  Ed. Colin Brown. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1975. 101-103.

Hall, Gary H. “masak.” The New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology

And Exegesis. Ed. Willem A.VanGemeren. Vol.2. Grand Rapids: Zondervan,

1997. 588.

PERIODICAL ARTICLES (4.7)

In citing a periodical article, arrange the appropriate information in the following order: Author, title, periodical name, volume, date, and pages. Punctuate as shown in samples.

If the pages are consecutive, provide the range (48-51).  If the article is not on consecutive pages, use “48+” to indicate its first page.

2.1  Article in a Magazine (weekly or bi-weekly) (4.7.6)

In citing the date, begin with the day and 3-letter abbreviation for the month (exceptions are May, June, July and Sept.); do not include the volume number.

Clapp, Rodney. "Why the Devil Takes Visa." Christianity Today 7 Oct. 1996: 18-33.

2.2  Article in a Journal with Continuous Pagination (4.7.1)

(Page numbers continue from issue to issue throughout the year.)

Ham, Clay. “The Title 'Son of Man' in the Gospel of John" Stone-Campbell Journal 1

(1998): 67-85.

2.3  Article In a Journal with Discontinuous Pagination (4.7.2)

(Each new issue begins with page 1.)  Issue number is included after the volume number.

Andersen, W. E. “What Makes a Christian School Effective in a Changing Age?" Journal

of Christian Education 38.3 (1995): 5-13.

2.4  A Book Review in a Journal (4.7.7)

 The author of the review is listed first. (If the review has its own title, that title goes in quotation marks after the author of the review, followed by "Rev. of....")

Carl, David E., Jr. Rev. of Dealing with Depression: Five Pastoral Interventions, by

David Dayringer and Byron Eicher. Journal of Pastoral Care 50 (1996): 426-27.

2.5 An Abstract in a Journal (4.7.8)

Publication information is given for the original source, followed by the abstract source information. Cite the abstract by the item number or the page number.

Harrington, Daniel J. “The Plot of John's Story of Jesus.” Interpretation 49 (1995):

347-58. New Testament Abstracts 40 (1996): item 1511.

2.6 Article in Magazine Reprinted as Multi-volume Set

              (Millennial Harbinger)

Campbell, Alexander. "Slavery and the Fugitive Slave Law, No. 3." Millennial

Harbinger June 1851: 26-27. Joplin: Ozark Bible College, 1950. 309-18.

ELECTRONIC SOURCES

3.1  An Online Scholarly Project or Database (4.9.2a)

Include the title of the project or database (underlined or in italics), the name of the project's editor (if given), other available electronic publication information (such as version number, date of last update, and sponsoring institution), date of access, and access path in universal resource locator (URL) format.

 [Note: Cite electronic sources only if used for full text.]

The NET Bible. Ed. W. Hall Harris et al. 5 Oct: 1999. Biblical Studies Foundation.

7 Oct. 1999 <http://www.netbible.org/index.htm>.

Donahue, John R. “Are You a Prophet?” America 4 Dec. 1999: 30-31. Academic Search

            Elite. EBSCOhost. Ozark Christian College Lib., Joplin, MO. 26 Feb. 2001

            <http://www.epnet.com/ehost/login.html>

Perseus Project.  Ed. Gregory R. Crane. 1999. Dept of the Classics, Tufts U. 7 Oct. 1999

<http://www.perseus.tufts.edu>.

3.2  A Professional or Personal Site (4.9.2c)

Include the author's name, title of the material (in quotation marks), title of the site (underlined), name of any associated institution, date of access, and access path in universal resource locator (URL) format. If the site does not have a title, use an appropriate description such as Home Page (neither underlined nor in quotation marks).

Klein, Ralph W. Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago. 5 Feb. 2001

            <http://www.geocities.com/ralphwklein/index.htm>.

Copeland, Mark A. "The Golden Rule." The “Executable Outlines" Series. 13 Aug. 1997

<http://www.ccel.wheaton.edu/contrib/exec_outlines/mt/mt_19.htm>.

Cranford, Lorin L. "Guidelines for Classifying Sentences and Subordinate Clauses."

Cranfordville Home Page. 7 Oct. 1999

<http://www.shelby.net/cranford/gkgrrna06.pdf>.

3.3  Material from a Periodically Published CD-ROM Database (4.9.5b)

Robinson, Thomas O., and James Upchurch. "Exploring the Relation between Personality

and the Appreciation of Rock Music." Psychological Reports 78 (1996): 259-70.

Academic Abstracts Fulltext Databases. CD-ROM. Ver. 5.0. EBSCO. 1996.

3.4 A Non-periodical Publication on CD-ROM (4.9.5a)

“Pistis." A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament. Logos Bible Software.

CD-ROM. Ver. 2.Oa. Oak Harbor, WA: Logos, 1995.

3.5 An Online Posting (4.9.9k)

Include the author's name, title of the posting (in quotation marks), posting description, date of posting, name of the forum (if known), date of access, and online address in URL format.

Ham, Clay. "John's Portrait of Jesus." Online posting. 22 Sept. 1999. Life of Christ

Forum. 6 Oct. 1999

<http://www.freetrial.webct.com/SCRIPT/BIBL2310a/scripts/student/serve

3.6  An E-Mail Communication (4.9.9j)

Include the name of the writer, title of the message (in quotation marks), the message description including the recipient, and date of the message.

Snyder, Cara. "Re: MLA 5th ed." E-mail to author. 6 Oct. 1999.

For other types of electronic sources, see additional examples in 4.9.9.

OTHER SOURCES

4.1  Audiocassette (4.8.2)

Garrett, Leroy. Live from Golgotha. Chapel sermon. Rec. 27 Apr. 1993. Audiocassette.

Dallas Christian College Library, Dallas.

[Library identification numbers should be given at end if available.]

Idleman,  Ken, and Mark Moore. Dialogue Sermon with . . . . 1993. Audiocassette.

            Ozark Christian College, Joplin, MO, Face to Face. CR 222.1106 I19f.

Scott, Mark. New Beginning . . . . In Goodness. 2000. Audiocassette. Ozark Christian

College, Joplin, MO, Preaching and Teaching Convention.

Robinson, Haddon. “The Wisdom of Small Creatures/ Proverbs 30:24-28.”

Audiocassette.  Christianity Today and Leadership, Carol Stream, IL, Preaching

Today. CR 251  P922 V-93.

4.2    A Lecture, Sermon, or Class Notes (4.8.11)

[Caution: notes from a lecture or sermon are not usually very precise, and should be avoided.]

Berrier, Mark D. “Romans lecture.” Dallas Christian College, Dallas. 3 Dec. 1996.

Wilkinson, Woody. “Cults and the Occult.” Joplin, MO: Ozark Christian College, Fall

2000. Class notes.

Wilkinson, Woody. “Cults and the Occult.” Joplin, MO: Ozark Christian College, Fall

2000. Class syllabus.

4.3  A Personal Interview (4.8.7)

Yarbrough, Mark M. Personal interview. 28 Feb. 1999.

  Table of Contents

[Main points are all in capital letters.]

Introduction………………………………………….…………………………………….1

Brief Summary of Zwingli as a Reformer ………..……………………………………... 2

Consensus View of Baptism ……...……………………………………………………... 4

Scriptural Foundation ……………………………………….…………………………….5

Testimony of Church Fathers ………………………….………………………………….6

Zwingli’s View of Baptism ………………………………………….………...………….8

Zwingli’s Emerging Definition of Baptism ..…………………………..…………………8

Zwingli and the Baptismal Texts ………………..……………….………….....………..12

Ecclesiastical Ramifications of Zwingli’s Theological Innovation ……...……...………22

A Shift from Sacrament to Cognition ……….………………………..…………………22

A Shift from Community to Individualism ………….……………………...………...…23

A Shift from Covenant to Fatalism ……….……………………..………………………24

Sources Cited……………...………………………………………..……………………25
Parenthetical and Footnote Models

Parenthetical notes are added after the text and before the final punctuation. Use only the author’s last name, a space, and the page number (Murphy 256). As an alternative to parenthetical notes, your professor may request or allow footnotes. The first footnote referring to a source will have nearly the same bibliographic information as appears in the final bibliography—author, title, and publication information.  The page number(s) refer only to the portion you are referencing. Number the footnotes consecutively, throughout the paper. Don’t begin each new page with a “1.” The raised numbers follow the punctuation. Note the differences between a bibliography entry and a footnote entry:

Bibliography entry:

Maldon, Harry. Life With the Savages. St. Louis: Naturalist Publishers, 2001.

Footnote entry:

¹Harry Maldon, Life With the Savages (St. Louis: Naturalist Publishers, 2001) 56.

In the footnote format, begin with the author’s name (first name first, followed by a comma), then the title, the publisher and date in parentheses, and the page number(s).  The only period is at the end. Footnotes are placed four lines (two double-spaced lines) below the text. A solid line of about two inches appears between these two sets of lines.  (Your word processing program may modify this somewhat, but try to match this format as closely as possible.) Each entry has the first line indented, and any other lines placed on the left margin. Single-space each entry, and double-space between them. It is acceptable to continue a note to the next page; use the same format, placing it two lines below the solid line.

Footnote Models for Books and Other Sources:

Book by a Single Author[1]

Two Authors[2]

Article in a Magazine[3]

Article in a Scholarly Journal[4]

Article in a Multiple Volume Series[5]

Signed Article in a Multiple Volume Series[6]

C-D ROM[7]

On-line source[8]

Article in a Reference Book[9]

For subsequent references, include adequate information to identify the work. The last name or the author plus the page number are generally enough.[10] If the same author has two works, also include a shortened form of the title.[11]  (The words “ibid.,” “loc. cit.” and “op. cit.” are no longer used.)

Notes

Many of your professors will encourage you to include material you discovered in your research that might be of interest yet would be a digression from the “flow” of the paper. If you are using footnotes, simply add the information as a “content note” at the bottom of the page.[12]  Those using parenthetical citations should include this information on a page titled “Notes”¹ (before the “Works Cited” page) at the end of the text.²

Notes

[To produce a superscript number, it may be necessary to not use the “Insert,”

“Footnote . . .” toolbar options, but instead make your own raised endnote numerals. Highlight the endnote number; on the Format menu, click Font, and then click the Font tab.  Select the Superscript check box.]

¹ Albert Bandura, highly renowned for his studies on children and their imitation of

television  characters, shows through an experiment how children model behavior.

Children watched a film in which a model engaged in a series of specific violent

acts. One group of children saw the model rewarded with praise and candy, a

second group saw the model reprimanded for aggression, and the third group saw

no consequences for the model. After the film, the children were carefully

observed to see how many of the aggressive responses they reproduced.  Those

children who had seen the model punished performed fewer imitative responses

than did those who had seen the model rewarded and those who had seen no

consequences. (Sarason and others 230)

² The effect of “slasher” films on young men as studied by Edward Donnerstein proves

interesting. Young men were subjected to prolonged viewing of these “slasher” films and

then made to serve as jury members of a mock trial. These young men (as opposed to

another control group without “slasher” influence) were much more likely to say that the

raped person “was asking for it,” that the actual rape did little harm to the woman, and

that the rapist should not be severely punished (Fore 112).

OCC Term Paper Guide

(Based on the MLA Style Sheet)